BIJOLIA PEASANT MOVEMENT (1897-1941): The LONGEST farmer/peasant movement in Indian history, spanning 44 years. Location: Bijolia, Bhilwara district, Mewar state. Root cause: 84 types of taxes (lagat/cess) imposed on farmers including — Chher (house tax), Charwahi (grazing tax), and forced labour (begar). THREE PHASES — Phase I (1897-1914): Sadhu Sitaram Das organized the first collective petition to the Mewar Durbar, demanding reduction of 84 taxes to a manageable number. Farmers boycotted paying taxes. Phase II (1916-1923): Vijay Singh Pathik (real name Bhup Singh, originally from Bulandshahr, UP — NOT from Rajasthan, an important distinction) became the primary organizer after arriving in Mewar. He founded 'Vidhya Pracharini Sabha' for farmer education and started the newspaper 'Pratap' from Kanankpur. Mahatma Gandhi sent Jamna Lal Bajaj to mediate. The movement drew national attention. Phase III (1923-1941): Manikya Lal Verma took over leadership. Jamna Lal Bajaj, Haribabu Upadhyay, and later the Rajasthan Jat Kisan Sabha contributed. The movement was finally resolved through negotiation, with significant tax reductions. LEGACY: Bijolia inspired similar farmer movements across Rajputana.

OTHER MAJOR PEASANT/KISAN MOVEMENTS: BEGUN (1921, Chittorgarh) — Against jagirdar Rao Anoop Singh's oppressive taxation. Led by Motilal Tejawat. The NEEMDIWADA INCIDENT (1922) — British forces opened fire on unarmed farmers at Neemdiwada, killing and injuring many. Known as 'RAJASTHAN'S JALLIANWALA BAGH'. Tejawat was called 'Ek Patra' (one-letter man, referring to his singular focus on tribal rights). He worked among Bhil and Meena tribals of southern Rajasthan. BUNDI PEASANT MOVEMENT (1926) — Against jagirdari system. Led by Pandit Nayanuram Sharma (who later founded Kota Rajya Praja Mandal in 1939). ALWAR PEASANT MOVEMENTS: (a) Neem Uchani Movement — against the timber policy that prevented farmers from using Neem tree resources. (b) Mev Peasant Movement — Mev Muslims of Alwar-Bharatpur protested against heavy cattle taxes. BHARATPUR MOVEMENT — Against oppressive land revenue and exploitative intermediaries. SHEKHAWATI KISAN MOVEMENT (1930s-40s) — Led by Ram Narain Chaudhary, Sardar Harlal Singh, and others. Focused on rights of Jat farmers against Thakur jagirdars in Sikar-Jhunjhunu.

TRIBAL AWAKENING MOVEMENTS: GOVIND GURU AND BHAGAT MOVEMENT (1883-1913): Govind Guru established the SAMP SABHA (1883) among the Bhil and Garasia tribes of southern Rajasthan (Banswara-Dungarpur-Sirohi). He promoted social reform (anti-liquor, anti-superstition) and political consciousness. The MANGARH HILL MASSACRE (17 November 1913) — British forces fired upon a gathering of ~1,500 Bhil tribals at Mangarh Hill (Banswara), killing an estimated 1,500 people. This event is called 'ADIVASI JALLIANWALA' (Tribal Jallianwala). PM Modi unveiled a memorial at Mangarh in 2022. Note: Mangarh occurred BEFORE the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919). MOTILAL TEJAWAT (1888-1963): Called 'Adivasi Kisan Neta' and 'Ek Patra'. Led the Begun movement and organized Bhil-Meena tribals in Mewar. The Eki Movement (1921-23) organized by Tejawat mobilized tribals against feudal exploitation in Sirohi, Udaipur, and Idar.

PRAJA MANDAL (People's) MOVEMENTS: These were movements against princely state rulers demanding RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT (elected legislatures, rule of law, civil liberties). Unlike the broader Indian freedom struggle against the British, Praja Mandals fought against RAJPUT/NAWAB autocracy within the princely states. JAIPUR PRAJA MANDAL (1931) — The OLDEST/FIRST Praja Mandal in Rajasthan. Founded by Kapurchand Patni. Later led by Hiralal Shastri (who became first elected Chief Minister of Rajasthan, 1951). Jaipur was the first princely state to grant responsible government (1949). MEWAR PRAJA MANDAL (1938) — Founded by Manikya Lal Verma. Faced severe repression from Mewar Durbar. Nathdwara incident — protest at Shrinathji temple area. MARWAR PRAJA MANDAL (Jodhpur) — Founded by Bhanwarlal Sarraf. Jai Narayan Vyas was the most prominent leader. 'Marwar Topi Diwas' — a protest where people wore Gandhi caps defying the Jodhpur ruler's ban. BIKANER PRAJA MANDAL — Founded by Vaidya Magharam. Raghuvar Dayal Goyal and others were leaders. KOTA PRAJA MANDAL (1939) — Founded by Pandit Nayanuram Sharma and Pandit Abhinna Hari. JAISALMER PRAJA MANDAL — Mithhalal Vyas (first president). Sagarmal Gopa — patriot who was tortured and burned alive in Jaisalmer jail (1946); his death shocked the nation. HADOTI PRAJA MANDAL — Nayanuram Sharma (Kota-Bundi area). KARAULI PM — Trilok Chand Mathur. ALWAR PM — Kunj Bihari Modh. PRAJA MANDAL ORDER (frequently asked): Jaipur (1931, oldest) → Marwar (1934) → Bikaner (1936) → Mewar (1938) → Kota (1939) → Jaisalmer (1940s).

KEY FREEDOM FIGHTERS OF RAJASTHAN: KESARI SINGH BARHATH (1872-1941): Poet-patriot of Shahpura. Wrote the famous poem 'CHETAK' (about Maharana Pratap's horse). Also wrote 'Pagturiya' — a powerful political poem urging Rajput princes to participate in the freedom struggle. His son PRATAP SINGH BARHATH was hanged by the British for revolutionary activities (1918). His daughter KRISHNA KUMARI BARHATH was also a freedom fighter. The entire Barhath family sacrificed for independence. ARJUN LAL SETHI (1880-1941): Jaipur revolutionary who ran a secret revolutionary center disguised as a school (Vardhman Vidyalaya). Connected with Rash Behari Bose's revolutionary network. Organized armed resistance in Rajasthan. BALMUKUND BISSA: Called 'JATINDAS OF RAJASTHAN'. Died in Bikaner jail on hunger strike (1934), protesting against the oppressive policies of Bikaner state. VIJAY SINGH PATHIK: Led Bijolia Movement. Founded 'Rajasthan Seva Sangh' — the first political organization working across all Rajput states. From UP, adopted Rajasthan. GOKULJI VERMA: Revolutionary from Jodhpur associated with bomb conspiracy. JORAWAR SINGH BARHATH: Brother of Kesari Singh, also a freedom fighter and poet.

1857 REVOLT IN RAJASTHAN: The revolt started at different military cantonments within Rajputana at staggered dates: NASIRABAD (28 May 1857) — First in Rajasthan. Soldiers of 15th Bengal Native Infantry revolted. They marched towards Delhi to join the national uprising. NEEMUCH (3 June 1857) — Soldiers revolted, burned records, released prisoners. Marched to join rebel forces. ERINPURA (21 August 1857) — Soldiers revolted under Subedar Sheetul Prasad. They were joined by Thakur Kushal Singh of Auwa (Pali) — the Battle of Auwa followed, where rebel forces killed Political Agent Captain Mason. His severed head was hung on the gate of Auwa Fort. KOTA (15 October 1857) — Major Burton and his two sons were killed by rebels in Kota. Lala Jayadeyal Regent and Mehrab Khan led the revolt. KEY FACT: Most RAJPUT RULERS supported the British during 1857 — they provided troops, intelligence, and safe passage. Only the COMMON SOLDIERS AND PEOPLE revolted. This is why the Assertion-Reason question 'Rajasthan didn't actively participate + rulers helped British = Both correct, R explains A' appears in REET.

RAJASTHAN INTEGRATION (7 STAGES): Stage 1 — MATSYA UNION (17 March 1948): Alwar + Bharatpur + Dholpur + Karauli. Capital: Alwar. Named after ancient Matsya Mahajanapada. Rajpramukh: Maharaja Udaibhan Singh of Dholpur. Stage 2 — RAJASTHAN UNION (25 March 1948): 9 south-eastern states — Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Tonk, Kishangarh, Shahpura. Capital: Kota. Stage 3 — UNITED STATE OF RAJASTHAN (18 April 1948): Udaipur/Mewar merged. Capital: Udaipur. Maharana Bhupal Singh became Rajpramukh. Stage 4 — GREATER RAJASTHAN (30 March 1949): Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer merged. Capital: JAIPUR (final). Inaugurated by SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL. Man Singh II of Jaipur became Rajpramukh. THIS is the main formation date — 30 MARCH is celebrated as RAJASTHAN DIWAS. Stage 5 — UNITED STATES OF GREATER RAJASTHAN (15 May 1949): Matsya Union merged into Greater Rajasthan. Stage 6 — RAJASTHAN (26 January 1950): Sirohi merged (Abu-Delwara tehsils joined later from Bombay). Stage 7 — PRESENT RAJASTHAN (1 November 1956): Ajmer-Merwara (former Chief Commissioner's Province) + Sunel Pargana (from Madhya Bharat, now in Jhalawar) merged under States Reorganization Act. Total princely states merged: 19 + 3 Chiefships + Ajmer-Merwara.

REET EXAM TIPS (10-12 questions): The 7 integration stages with EXACT DATES is the #1 most-asked sequence question. Memorize the MNEMONIC: 'Ma Ra U Gre Uni Ra Ra' (Matsya→Rajasthan Union→United→Greater→United States Greater→Rajasthan→Present Rajasthan). Praja Mandal founder matching is asked in every paper — memorize: Jaipur=Kapurchand Patni, Mewar=Manikya Lal Verma, Marwar=Bhanwarlal Sarraf, Bikaner=Vaidya Magharam, Kota=Nayanuram Sharma, Jaisalmer=Mithhalal Vyas. 1857 chronology: Nasirabad(28 May)→Neemuch(3 Jun)→Erinpura(21 Aug)→Kota(15 Oct). Bijolia=Vijay Singh Pathik=longest farmer movement. Mangarh=1913=Adivasi Jallianwala=1500 killed. TRAPS: 'Bijolia is in Jodhpur district' — FALSE (Bhilwara). 'Vijay Singh Pathik was from Rajasthan' — FALSE (UP). 'Jaipur PM was founded in 1938' — FALSE (1931). 'Greater Rajasthan formed 26 Jan 1950' — FALSE (30 March 1949). 'Sagarmal Gopa was hanged' — FALSE (tortured/burned alive in jail).