Types of assessment: Formative Assessment (continuous, during learning — class tests, observations, homework, projects; purpose: improve learning process), Summative Assessment (at end of unit/term — final exams, board exams; purpose: evaluate learning outcomes), Diagnostic Assessment (identify specific learning difficulties — standardized tests, error analysis; purpose: find causes of problems), Prognostic Assessment (predict future performance — aptitude tests).

CCE (Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation): Recommended by NCF 2005 and RTE Act 2009. 'Continuous' = regular assessment throughout the year. 'Comprehensive' = covers all domains — scholastic (subjects) + co-scholastic (life skills, attitudes, values). Uses grades instead of marks. No detention till Class 8 (RTE Act). Formative assessment carries more weight than summative in CCE.

Qualities of a good test: Validity (measures what it claims to measure), Reliability (consistent results over multiple administrations), Objectivity (scorer bias eliminated — MCQs have highest objectivity), Practicability (feasible to administer), Discrimination (distinguishes between high and low achievers), Comprehensiveness (covers entire syllabus). Good examiner qualities: Objectivity, Reliability, Discrimination (NOT subjectivity or speed).

Standardized achievement test steps in order: 1. Determine objectives (लक्ष्य निर्धारण), 2. Decide question types (प्रश्न प्रकार निर्णय), 3. Prepare final format (अंतिम प्रारूप), 4. Prepare scoring key (अंकन तालिका). Bloom's Taxonomy (revised): Remember → Understand → Apply → Analyze → Evaluate → Create (ascending cognitive complexity).

REET Exam Tips: Focus on formative vs summative distinction, CCE components (scholastic + co-scholastic), test quality attributes (validity, reliability, objectivity), and standardized test preparation steps in order.