Major English Language Teaching methods: Grammar Translation Method (GTM) — deductive grammar, native language used extensively, reading/writing primary skills, teacher-centric, memorization emphasized. Direct Method — target language only, vocabulary over grammar, oral skills primary, objects/actions used for meaning. Audio-Lingual Method — habit formation theory, pattern drills, error prevention, language lab used. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) — fluency over accuracy, functions over forms, authentic materials, learner-centric, errors tolerated.

CLT classroom principles: Students learn language appropriate to context, work on cohesion and coherence at discourse level, functions emphasized over forms, all four skills practiced (LSRW), errors of forms are tolerated, teacher acts as facilitator (not authority), authentic materials used (newspapers, menus, ads). GTM is MORE teacher-centric than both Direct Method and CLT. In CLT, teacher evaluates vocabulary, fluency, structure, and performance informally as co-communicator.

Desuggestopedia (Georgi Lozanov): Learning occurs at conscious AND subconscious levels simultaneously — when both are unified, learning is maximized. Uses music, comfortable environment, positive suggestions. Community Language Learning (CLL/Counseling Learning): Building relationships between students is central — teacher acts as counselor. Silent Way (Caleb Gattegno): Teacher is mostly silent, students discover language through colored rods/charts, pronunciation is focus area.

Key distinctions for REET: Native language should NOT be completely banned (judicious use is OK — Complete ban is 'not appropriate'). CLT errors are TOLERATED. GTM uses DEDUCTIVE grammar (rule → examples). Audio-Lingual treats language as HABIT FORMATION. For overcoming difficulties in adult English learners: provide authentic materials, allow judicious L1 use, encourage thinking in target language. Problems: lack of vocabulary, motivation, age-related hesitation, context relation.

REET Exam Tips: English pedagogy appears in 4-8 questions. Focus on: method-principle matching (GTM=deductive, Audio-Lingual=habit, CLT=communication, Desuggestopedia=conscious+subconscious), CLT features (errors tolerated, facilitator role), and what is NOT appropriate (complete ban on native language).