'खाद्य श्रृंखला' (food chain) में ऊर्जा का स्थानांतरण:

उत्तर: (C) 10% rule — only ~10% energy transfers to next trophic level — 10% law (Lindeman): only ~10% energy passes to next trophic level. 90% lost as heat (respiration). If producers have 10,000 J → herbivores get 1,000 J → carnivores get 100 J → top carnivores get 10 J....